How much do you know about the Arctic?

This year, the Arctic Council celebrates 25 years of peaceful cooperation in the region. In this globally unique forum, states and Indigenous peoples work together for a sustainable Arctic. As global interest in the Arctic has grown, so has the Council. Test your knowledge on Arctic issues!

Question 1 / 14
The organization that would become the Arctic Council began with a environmental protection strategy for the region. Which eight states make up the Arctic Council?
Check your answer
Answer 1

The eight Arctic States are Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Russian Federation and the United States.

Before the Arctic Council

1991

Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS)

A non-binding agreement between the 8 Arctic States and Indigenous peoples organizations representing Inuit, Sami, and Russian Indigenous peoples.


1991

3 Indigenous Peoples' Organizations are the first Permanent Participants

Recognizing the special relationship of Indigenous Peoples to the Arctic region, the Arctic States assigned the special status of Permanent Participants (PPs) in the AEPS to the Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC), Saami Council and Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON).


1991

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)

Created to monitor and assess pollution and climate change issues in the Arctic.


1991

Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Working Group (CAFF)

Established as a forum for scientists, Indigenous Peoples and conservation managers to exchange data and information on issues such as shared species and habitats and to collaborate for more effective research, sustainable utilization and conservation.


1991

Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR)

Established as a network for information on Arctic accidents and to provide a framework for future cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, with involvement of Indigenous Peoples and other Arctic residents in responding to threats of environmental emergencies in the Arctic.


1991

Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME)

Created to address policy and non-emergency response measures related to the protection of the marine environment from land and sea-based activities.


1994

Indigenous Peoples Secretariat (IPS)

Established to represent the Indigenous Permanent Participants in the AEPS. Today, IPS supports all six Permanent Participants in the Arctic Council.

Question 2 / 14
Canada was the first Chair of the Arctic Council. In what Canadian capital city was the Arctic Council born?
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Answer 2

Ottawa, Canada lent its name to the Ottawa Declaration, which established the Arctic Council as the forum to promote “cooperation coordination and interaction” among the Arctic States and Arctic Indigenous peoples on issues like sustainable development and environmental protection.

The Chairmanship of the Council rotates between the eight Arctic States every two years.

Canada Chairmanship 1996-1998

1996

The Ottawa Declaration marks the creation of the Arctic Council

On September 19, 1996 in Ottawa, the Arctic Council was established as a high-level intergovernmental forum to enhance cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States with the active involvement of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues.


1998

The Aleut International Association

admitted as a Permanent Participant of the Arctic Council.


1998

Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)

Established to enhance the environment, economies, culture and health of Indigenous peoples and Arctic communities.


1998

New Observers accredited
  • Germany
  • The Netherlands
  • Poland
  • United Kingdom
  • Standing Committee of the Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region (SCPAR)
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
  • International Arctic Science Committee (IASC)
  • International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH)
  • Northern Forum (NF)
  • World Wide Fund for Nature, Arctic Programme (WWF)
Question 3 / 14
The six Arctic Council Working Groups focus on important environmental and human issues. The most recent addition, the Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP), tackles pollution, including short-lived climate pollutants. What is the process called where gases are burned off in refinery and processing plants?
Check your answer
Answer 3

Flaring is the process of burning off unwanted gas from industrial processes like oil production. This practice is a major environmental concern causing emissions of black carbon.

The Arctic Council’s Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) Working Group has indicated that flaring is one of the most important sources of black carbon emissions from Arctic States and that emissions that are released close to the Arctic have the strongest effect on sea ice melting.

United States Chairmanship 1998-2000

2000

Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC)

admitted as a Permanent Participant of the Arctic Council


2000

Gwich'in Council International (GGI)

admitted as Permanent Participants to the Arctic Council


2000

New Observers accredited
  • France
  • International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
  • International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
  • Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM)
  • North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO)
  • Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS)
  • Association of World Reindeer Herders (AWRH)
  • Circumpolar Conservation Union (CCU)
  • International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA)
Question 4 / 14
During Finland’s first Chairmanship, the Arctic Council’s focus expanded to include gender equality, looking at the fast-changing roles of men and women. Which Arctic State has been a longstanding frontrunner in terms of gender equality?
Check your answer
Answer 4

Iceland has been the frontrunner on the Global Gender Gap Index for 11 years in a row. It’s followed by Nordic neighbours Norway, Finland and Sweden.

Finnish Chairmanship 2000-2002

2000

Dangers of mercury recognized

In the Barrow Declaration, the Council noted that "releases of mercury have harmful effects on human health and may damage ecosystems of environmental and economic importance, including in the Arctic" and called on the UN to initiate a global assessment of mercury.


2001

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants signed

The 2001 Stockholm Convention on POPs was catalyzed by Arctic Council research.


2002

New Observers accredited
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
  • International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA)
  • University of the Arctic (UArctic)
Question 5 / 14
The Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, a milestone 2004 report, brought Arctic issues to the global agenda. In addition to drawing on the latest scientific findings, the report also included another important knowledge source. Which one?
Check your answer
Answer 5

Indigenous knowledge.

A team of more than 300 leading Arctic researchers, Indigenous representatives and other experts from fifteen nations worked with the Council’s Arctic Monitoring and Asessment Programme on the Assessment. They distilled and synthesised available scientific information, traditional knowledge, and Indigenous perceptions in order to examine how climate and ultraviolet radiation have changed in the Arctic, how they are projected to change in the future, and what the consequences of these changes will be for the Arctic and the world.

Icelandic Chairmanship 2002-2004

2004

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA)

The first comprehensive multi-disciplinary assessment of the impacts of climate change in the Arctic.


2004

The Arctic Human Development Report

The Council released the first comprehensive circumpolar assessment on the welfare of Arctic peoples.


2004

Arctic Marine Strategic Plan (AMSP)

The first AMSP set the Council's vision for the Arctic marine environment:
"A healthy and productive Arctic Ocean and coasts that support environmental, economic and sociocultural values for current and future generations."


2004

New Observers accredited
  • Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO)
  • Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) (as: Arctic Circumpolar Route)
Question 6 / 14
Arctic Council research gave the world its first complete picture of economic conditions in the Arctic. In addition to industrial activity, the research considers a different type of economy linked to traditional livelihoods – which one?
Check your answer
Answer 6

In many Arctic communities, a high proportion of food comes from subsistence activities: hunting, fishing and gathering. The ways in which local foods are collected and shared make up a unique cultural and social economy.

Russian Chairmanship 2004-2006

2005

Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP)

CAFF officially launched the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) in September 2005. The Indigenous People’s Secretariat and Permanent Participants have been involved in this program since its launch, and a main component of the CBMP is community-based monitoring. Results from the CBMP directly connect with efforts toward sustainable development in the Arctic. The findings will be presented in a form tailored to address the needs of the Indigenous People, and assist policy makers on management of the Arctic’s living resources. A major product of this program was the 2010 Arctic Biodiversity Assessment.


2006

Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP) Working Group

Created to prevent and reduce pollution and environmental risks in the Arctic.


2006

Economy of the North (ECONOR)

The first ECONOR report, led by the Sustainable Development Working Group, showed that rapid changes in the Arctic could have significant social, cultural and economic impacts on living conditions for the residents of the Arctic.


2006

Focus on sustainable development

The Russian Chairmanship held a workshop in advancing sustainable development in the Arctic in Salekhard, the first of its kind in the Council's history. It resulted in an overall assessment of the corresponding activities and recommendations in further work on economic and social dimensions of sustainable development.


Question 7 / 14
The Arctic Council’s Working Group on Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME) released a major assessment of shipping in a warming Arctic. Among other recommendations, it called for greater cooperation with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on shipping standards and safety in the Arctic. What IMO code mandates safe shipping in Arctic and Antarctic waters?
Check your answer
Answer 7

The Polar Code covers all aspects of safe shipping in Arctic and Antarctic waters, from ship design to navigation, to search and rescue and environmental protection.

Norwegian Chairmanship 2006-2009

2006

The Arctic Council Secretariat

An Arctic Council Secretariat was set up in Tromsø for the three Scandinavian Chairmanships: Norway, Denmark and Sweden. The Secretariat later became permanent, and remains in Tromsø today.


2008

Arctic Indigenous Languages Symposium

The symposium brought together Indigenous Peoples from throughout the circumpolar region to build on each other's knowledge and experience in protecting and revitalizing Indigenous languages.


2009

Melting Ice: Regional Dramas, Global Wake-Up Call

Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore, foreign ministers and climate change scientists met on 28 April 2009 in Tromsø, Norway to discuss the impacts of melting ice in the Polar and mountain areas worldwide. The conference took place the day before the Arctic Council’s annual Ministerial meeting. A number of foreign ministers from states affected by melting ice and snow attended.


2009

Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA)

Recommendations from AMSA were developed to provide to guide the Council's work on Arctic shipping with a focus on:
Enhancing Arctic Marine Safety
Protecting Arctic People and the Environment
Building Arctic Marine Infrastructure.

Question 8 / 14
The 2011 Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) Assessment predicted a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in the summer by 2050. A follow-up assessment in 2017 adjusted that prediction to what year?
Check your answer
Answer 8

By 2017, SWIPA amended its prediction to a nearly ice-free summer Arctic by the late 2030s.

Danish Chairmanship 2009-2011

2011

Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic

AMAP’s assessment of the impacts of climate change on Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) brought together the latest scientific knowledge about the changing state of each component of the Arctic ‘cryosphere’, examining how these changes will impact both the Arctic as a whole and people living within the Arctic and elsewhere in the world.


2011

Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic

The first legally binding agreement negotiated under the auspices of the Arctic Council coordinates search and rescue response in the region.


2011

Short-lived climate forcers

An Arctic Council report on short-lived climate forcers enhanced understanding black carbon, spurring additional Council work on black carbon and methane.


2011

Enhancing oil spill response

The Council's EPPR Working Group compiled knowledge and expertise on the behaviour of hazardous substances in Arctic waters to promote the development and use of technologies and working methods that improve the ability to respond to accidents.

Question 9 / 14
By 2013, global interest in the Arctic had grown enormously and 12 states outside the Arctic had become accredited Arctic Council Observers. The 13th Observer country is home to several other Arctic Council observers, including the World Meteorological Society and the IUCN. Which state?
Check your answer
Answer 9

Switzerland became an Arctic Council Observer in 2017, joining 12 other states outside the Arctic with an interest in Arctic issues.

Swedish Chairmanship 2011-2013

2013

Vision for the Arctic

A future vision for the Arctic was agreed upon by the Arctic States together with the 6 permanent Arctic Indigenous people's organizations within the Arctic Council, in Kiruna, Sweden.


2013

Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic

The second legally-binding agreement negotiated under the auspices of the Arctic Council, this agreement strengthens cooperation, coordination and mutual assistance among Arctic States on oil pollution preparedness and response.


2013

Arctic Biodiversity Assessment released

The ABA synthesized and assessed the status and trends of biological diversity in the Arctic.


2013

New Observers accredited
  • Italian Republic
  • Japan
  • People's Republic of China
  • Republic of India
  • Republic of Korea
  • Republic of Singapore
Question 10 / 14
The Arctic Council remains the only international forum where Indigenous peoples and state governments sit at the same table to discuss issues of common concern. Name one of the six international Indigenous peoples’ organizations represented in the Arctic Council.
Check your answer
Answer 10

The Permanent Participants are:
Aleut International Association (AIA)
Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC)
Gwich'in Council International (GCI)
Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON)
Saami Council

Canadian Chairmanship 2013-2015

2014

Arctic Economic Council launched

This independent forum provides a key venue for business-to-business cooperation and informs the work of the Council by providing a circumpolar business perspective.


2015

Focus on mental health

The Circumpolar Mental Health Symposium in Iqaluit, Canada in March 2015 brought together a variety stakeholders to facilitate the knowledge transfer and sharing of evidence attained by researchers and communities.


2015

A marine plan for the future

The Arctic Council’s Arctic Marine Strategic Plan 2015-2025 provides a framework to guide its actions to protect Arctic marine and coastal ecosystems and to promote sustainable development.

Question 11 / 14
In 2015, the Arctic Council released the first circumpolar assessment of the climate pollutants black carbon and methane. One way black carbon affects the climate is by reducing the ability of snow and ice to reflect the sun’s radiation. What is this phenomenon called?
Check your answer
Answer 11

The albedo effect describes how light materials, like snow and ice, absorb less of the sun’s heat and reflect more. Arctic ice helps to moderate temperatures around the world.

United States Chairmanship 2015-2017

2016

The Arctic Council celebrates 20 years

The Foreign Ministers of the Arctic States issued a Joint Statement highlighting the 20 years of cooperation and achievement that the Arctic Council has made possible.


2016

Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat moves to Tromsø

The IPS moved from Copenhagen to join the Arctic Council Secretariat in Tromsø, Norway.


2017

Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017

The latest SWIPA report makes it clear that the Arctic as we know it is being replaced by a warmer, wetter, and more variable environment. This transformation has profound implications for people, resources, and ecosystems worldwide.


2017

Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation

The third binding agreement negotiated under the auspices of the Arctic Council provides concrete support for Arctic scientific activities by facilitating access to research areas for marine and airborne data collection, supporting full and open access to scientific data, and promoting education and career development for students and early career scientists.


2017

New Observers accredited
  • Switzerland
  • International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
  • OSPAR Commission
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
  • West Nordic Council (WNC)
  • Oceana
Question 12 / 14
Under Finland's Chairmanship, the Arctic Council began to focus on wildfires, which now burn longer, earlier and further north than ever before. Arctic fires are a particular climate danger because of what carbon-rich material found in the tundra?
Check your answer
Answer 12

Peat, a rich mixture of organic material, is found in large quantities in the Arctic. When burned, it releases enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, worsening the climate impacts that drive increased fires in the first place.

Gwich'in Council International is bringing an effective traditional approach to fighting fire with the Circumpolar Wildland Fire project. By sharing resources and techniques, modern and traditional, the project aims to reduce catastrophic wildland fires.

Finnish Chairmanship 2017-2019

2019

An update on the state of the Arctic

Drawing and building on the findings of AMAP’s Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017 assessment, the 2019 update provided observations, information from other recent assessments, and conclusions from the latest reviews of Arctic trends and indicators. The pace of change in the Arctic is so rapid that new records are being set annually, and each additional year of data strengthens the already compelling evidence of a rapidly changing Arctic.


2019

Recognized for impact assessment

The Arctic Council received the 2019 Global Award of the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA). IAIA is an international association of professionals involved in environmental and social impact assessments, which annually awards a leading individual or institution that has contributed to the practice of environmental assessment, management or policy on a global scale.


2019

State of freshwater biodiversity

Arctic Council Working Group CAFF released a status report on the flora and fauna of the Arctic's freshwater.


2019

New Observers accredited
  • International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Question 13 / 14
Following an Arctic Council study on marine litter, Iceland prioritized action on plastic pollution in the Arctic during its second Chairmanship. In which of these organisms have researchers found the highest percentage of individuals with ingested plastic particles: invertebrates, seabirds or whales/porpoises?
Check your answer
Answer 13

Seabirds. Cetaceans, as well as some species of fish and invertebrates, have also been documented to ingest plastic litter including microplastics. Arctic ice, water, seafloor and even wildlife contain surprising amounts of microplastics.

Icelandic Chairmanship 2019-2021

2019

Heavy fuel in the Arctic

PAME's Arctic Shipping Status Report provides information on fuels used by ships in the Arctic in 2019 with a focus on heavy fuel oils (HFO). The Report shows that 10% of ships in Arctic waters as defined by the International Maritime Organization’s Polar Code burned HFO as fuel.


2020

A toolbox for comprehensive plastics monitoring in the Arctic

AMAP’s Expert Group on Litter and Microplastics is developing the first monitoring plan that is looking for plastics in the entire ecosystem


2020

Covid-19 in the Arctic

The Council's brief on Covid-19 in the Arctic provided insight into the complex and intricate ways the pandemic affects Arctic peoples and communities.

Question 14 / 14
In 2021 the Russian Federation begins its second Chairmanship of the Arctic Council. The people of the Arctic will be a priority. How many Indigenous languages are spoken in the Russian Arctic?
Check your answer
Answer 14

Nearly 40 Indigenous languages are spoken in Russia’s Arctic, from Aleut in the east to Kildin Sami in the west.

2022 will mark the start of the UN’s decade of Indigenous languages. Indigenous people in Russia are represented by the Inuit Circumpolar Council, Saami Council, Aleut International Association and RAIPON.

Russian Chairmanship 2021-2023

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